Models

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In the manual science teachers can find practical steps and examples of how to use the developed pedagogical tools - models, examples and experiments in their everyday educational process. The manual is based on the approach for development of comprehension in science education, in particular the development of reverse thinking and the fact that its existence is a direct sign of understanding. The manual aims to significantly ease the the job of teachers and give in their hands ready-to-use tools to support learning of students, since it is quite a difficult job to create the right models for each science concept and it may take too long to explain without them the new study subject.

Manual to work with the GoScience database of tools in Chemistry

Model Chemistry

A covalent bond

Scientific definition

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs ...

experiment Chemistry

Acid / base indicator

Scientific definition

Acid - Base indicators (also known as pH indicators) are substances which change colour with pH. They are usually weak acids or bases, which when ...

Model Chemistry

Acid / base indicator

Scientific definition

Acid - base indicators (also known as pH indicators) are substances which change color with pH. They are usually weak acids or bases. ...

analogy Chemistry

Acid-base indicators

Scientific definition

The acid-base indicators, or pH indicators, are organic substances that have the property of assuming different colors below or above a determined ...

Model Chemistry

Amino acids

Scientific definition

Amino acid - any of a large number of compounds found in living cells that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, and join together to fo ...

analogy Chemistry

Amount of substance

Scientific definition

In every amount of a substance, there is a enormously big number on particles,  ions or molecules. In order to simplify calculation with them ...

Model Chemistry

An electron shell

Scientific definition

An electron shell is a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.   ...

Model Chemistry

An electron shell (2)

Scientific definition

An electron shell is a grouping of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.   ...

analogy Chemistry

Anions

Scientific definition

Anions are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have gained electrons. Since they now have more electrons than protons, anions have a negativ ...

Model Chemistry

Catalyst

Scientific definition

A catalyst is a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temper ...

Model Chemistry

Catalyst (2)

Scientific definition

A catalyst is a substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temper ...

analogy Chemistry

Cations

Scientific definition

Cations are atoms or radicals (groups of atoms), that have lost electrons. Since they now have more protons than electrons, cations have a positiv ...

Model Chemistry

Chemical bond

Scientific definition

The chemical bond corresponds to the force of attraction that holds together the atoms that are part of a molecule, to achieve stability. ...

Model Chemistry

Chemical equilibrium

Scientific definition

In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations, which have no fur ...

experiment Chemistry

Chemical reactions. Signs of chemical reactions

Scientific definition

Chemical reactions are the processes by which chemicals interact to form new chemicals with different compositions. Simply stated, a chemical reac ...

experiment Chemistry

Dalton’s Law

Scientific definition

Dalton's law says that when one element combines with another to form different compounds, the masses of the elements stand between them in re ...


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analogy Chemistry

Diffusion

Scientific definition

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion happens in liquids and ...

experiment Chemistry

Diffusion

Scientific definition

Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion happens in liquids and ...

experiment Chemistry

Distillation

Scientific definition

Distillation is the physical process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. ...

example Chemistry

DNA composition

Scientific definition

The DNA molecule consists of two chains of nucletids. Each nucleotide consists of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base. The nuc ...


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experiment Chemistry

Effective collision (The collision theory)

Scientific definition

A collision between two reactants ( molecules, atoms or ions = In general terms: particles of r.) with the correct orientation and with sufficient ...

experiment Chemistry

Electrolysis

Scientific definition

Electrolysis is the chemical process of using an electrical current to stimulate non-spontaneous reactions. A non-spontaneous reaction is one t ...

experiment Chemistry

Electrolytes and conduct electricity electrolytes

Scientific definition

Electrolytes are composed of free moving Charged Particles, i.e. ions. When a pd is applied across the electrolytes, the positive ions move toward ...

experiment Chemistry

Electrolytes, Battery

Scientific definition

An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water. The dissolved el ...

Model Chemistry

Enzymes

Scientific definition

Enzymes are macromolecules that helps speed up chemical reactions in the organism‘s body. They break down molecules such like proteins,  carbohy ...


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Model Chemistry

Esterification

Scientific definition

Esterification is chemical reaction that forms at least one ester (= a type of compound produced by reaction between acids and alcohols). Esters a ...

Model Chemistry

Hydrolysis

Scientific definition

Hydrolysis, the opposite of condensation, is a chemical reaction in which water breaks down another compound and changes its makeup. Most instances ...

Model Chemistry

Indicator

Scientific definition

Chemical indicator - any substance that gives a visible sign, usually by a colour change, of the presence or absence of a threshold concentration ...

Model Chemistry

Ionic bond

Scientific definition

The definition of ionic bond is when a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons ...

analogy Chemistry

Iron

Scientific definition

Iron is one of the most common metal elements that is extracted from minerals to produce cast iron and subsequently steel.


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Model Chemistry

Isomery

Scientific definition

In chemistry, isomers are ions or molecules with identical formulas but distinct structures. Isomers do not necessarily share similar propert ...

Model Chemistry

Isotopes

Scientific definition

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons and therefore have different physical prop ...

Model Chemistry

Isotopes (2)

Scientific definition

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons and therefore have different physical prop ...

Model Chemistry

Isotopes (3)

Scientific definition

An isotope is the form of an atom which has a different atomic weight from other forms of the same atom, but the same chemical structure (two or m ...

example Chemistry

Molecules

Scientific definition

Solid matter is composed of tightly packed particles. Liquid matter is made of more loosely packed particles. Particles can move about within a li ...


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experiment Chemistry

Osmosis

Scientific definition

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration ...

Model Chemistry

Periodic system

Scientific definition

The periodic system is a tabular disposition of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electronic configurations and recurrent che ...

experiment Chemistry

Polymerization process

Scientific definition

Polymerization: Polymerization of olkenes: polyaddition chain reaction. A collision between two reactants ( molecules, atoms or ions = In ...

Model Chemistry

Proton Neutron Electron

Scientific definition

A proton is an atomic particle that has a positive electrical charge. A neutron is very small piece of matter, i.e. substance, that carries no ...


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experiment Chemistry

Redox reactions

Scientific definition

Traffic light is the name of a clock reaction which will spontaneously change color from yellow to red after a gentle shake.  After a more vigoro ...

Model Chemistry

Sublimation

Scientific definition

Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase, without passing through the intermediate liquid phase.   ...

analogy Chemistry

Substitution reaction

Scientific definition

Substitution reaction (also known as single displacement reaction or single substitution reaction) is a chemical reaction during which one functio ...

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