Models

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In the manual science teachers can find practical steps and examples of how to use the developed pedagogical tools - models, examples and experiments in their everyday educational process. The manual is based on the approach for development of comprehension in science education, in particular the development of reverse thinking and the fact that its existence is a direct sign of understanding. The manual aims to significantly ease the the job of teachers and give in their hands ready-to-use tools to support learning of students, since it is quite a difficult job to create the right models for each science concept and it may take too long to explain without them the new study subject.

Manual to work with the GoScience database of tools in Physics

experiment Physics

A spring pendulum

Scientific definition

A spring pendulum (also called elastic pendulum or swinging spring) is a physical system where a piece of mass is connected to a spring so that th ...

Model Physics

Absolute humidity of air

Scientific definition

Absolute humidity is a physical quantity, showing the mass of water vapor in 1 m³ volume of air. Or is it an analogue of air density. ...

Model Physics

Absorption

Scientific definition

Light passing through an optical system can be attenuated by absorption and by scattering. Light apsorption is a physical process during which the ...

example Physics

Aggregate states of material

Scientific definition

Three aggregate states of material are known: solid, liquid and gas. In a solid, constituent particles are closely packed together. As a result, a ...

Model Physics

Atmospheric pressure

Scientific definition

Atmospheric pressure is the force per unit area exerted into a surface by the weight of air above that surface in the atmosphere of Earth (or that ...

experiment Physics

Balancing a rigid body

Scientific definition

A simple mechanical body is said to be in equilibrium if it experiences neither linear acceleration nor angular acceleration; unless it is disturb ...

Model Physics

Capacitor

Scientific definition

A capacitor is a device consisting of two electrodes with a dielectric between them. It is intended for temporary storage of electric charge throu ...

experiment Physics

Center of mass

Scientific definition

The center of mass is a position defined relative to an object or system of objects. It is the average position of all the parts of the system, we ...

experiment Physics

Conductors, insulators, and semiconductors

Scientific definition

Materials are classified as conductors, insulators, or semiconductors according to their electric conductivity. A conductor is an object or ty ...

experiment Physics

Density

Scientific definition

Density can be defined as the property that matter has, whether they are solids, liquids or gases, to be compressed in a given space, the amount o ...

Model Physics

Diffusion

Scientific definition

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules or atoms from a region of higher concentration

Model Physics

Diffusion

Scientific definition

The mutual penetration of substances due to the chaotic movement of their building particles. Diffusion is the mutual penetration of substances in ...

experiment Physics

Dispersion of light

Scientific definition

The dispersion of light is the phenomenon of splitting of a beam of white light into its seven constituent colours (i.e. violet, indigo, blue, gre ...

experiment Physics

Electric circuit

Scientific definition

Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constit ...

experiment Physics

Electric circuit (2)

Scientific definition

Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constit ...

experiment Physics

Electric circuits

Scientific definition

Electric circuit, path for transmitting electric current. An electric circuit includes a device that gives energy to the charged particles constit ...

Model Physics

Electrical resistance

Scientific definition

Electrical resistance is a physical quantity characterizing the ability of materials to resist the electrical current flowing through them. ...

experiment Physics

Electromagnet

Scientific definition

Electromagnet, device consisting of a core of magnetic material surrounded by a coil through which an electric current is passed to magnetize the ...

Model Physics

Emission

Scientific definition

Emission – the flow of electromagnetic waves or the ‘throwing out’ particles (mostly electrons) from different matters. ...

Model Physics

Energy levels (quantum jumps)

Scientific definition

In atomic physics the expression indicates the passage of an electron in one atom from one state of energy to another; the electron jumps from one ...


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experiment Physics

Equilibrium

Scientific definition

Equilibrium, in physics, the condition of a system when neither its state of motion nor its internal energy state tends to change with time. A sim ...

experiment Physics

FIRST PRINCIPLE OF THE MECHANICS

Scientific definition

An object keeps its state as long as there is no force which acts upon it. The state of the body can be either stationary or moving with constant ...

analogy Physics

FIRST PRINCIPLE OF THE MECHANICS

Scientific definition

An object keeps its state as long as there is no force which acts upon it. The state of the body can be either stationary or moving with constant ...

experiment Physics

Force

Scientific definition

A force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object.A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the o ...

experiment Physics

Friction

Scientific definition

Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. It is not a fundamental force, like gravity or electromagnetism. In ...

experiment Physics

Friction

Scientific definition

Friction is the resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another. It is not a fundamental force, like gravity or electromagnetism. In ...

Model Physics

Heat exchange

Scientific definition

Heat exchange is a process in which two bodies at different temperatures exchange heat. Higher-temperature body gives off heat to a lower-temperat ...

Model Physics

Hooke's Law

Scientific definition

Hooke’s Law states that, “the strain in a solid is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic limit of that solid.” The law and f ...

Model Physics

Ideal gas

Scientific definition

In the ideal gas, the forces of interaction between the particles (atoms, molecules) of the gas are neglected. When the temperature of the diluted ...

example Physics

Inclined plane

Scientific definition

An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for r ...

Model Physics

Interaction of electrical charges

Scientific definition

When two bodies are rubbed, they become electrified An electrified body transfers part of the electrical charge to an unelectric body. Homogeneous ...


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example Physics

Kinetic energy

Scientific definition

Kinetic energy is a quantity that characterizes the movement of bodies. It characterizes the ability of bodies to do work to change their speed. ...

Model Physics

Kirchhoff's first law (junction law)

Scientific definition

The numeric value of the currents that enter the node is equal to that of the currents that exit the node. A node is any point in a circuit in ...

Model Physics

Kirchhoff's Junction Law

Scientific definition

The law states that sum of the currents coming into a junction has to equal the sum of the currents going out. Essentially, it is an application o ...

Model Physics

Kirchhoff's Loop Law (Voltage Rule)

Scientific definition

The directed sum of the voltages around any closed loop is zero. Vrise-Vdrop = 0. V4-V3-V2-V1=0.    ...

experiment Physics

LAW OF ARCHIMEDES

Scientific definition

Archimedes' principle states that: If a solid body floats or is submerged in a liquid - the liquid exerts an upward thrust force - a buoya ...

experiment Physics

Light refraction

Scientific definition

Light rays change direction when they reflect off a surface, move from one transparent medium into another, or travel through a medium whose compo ...

Model Physics

Magnet

Scientific definition

Constant magnets attract various iron objects. For example a key, a needle, a stapler and scissors.


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experiment Physics

Magnet

Scientific definition

Magnet, any material capable of attracting iron and producing a magnetic field outside itself. By the end of the 19th century all the known elemen ...

experiment Physics

Magnetic effect of electric current

Scientific definition

The electricity and magnetism are linked to each other and it is proved when the electric current passes through the copper wire, it produces a ma ...

example Physics

Melting of an amorphous substance

Scientific definition

Amorphous substances are characterized by the absence of strict regularity in the arrangement of their building particles with respect to each oth ...

experiment Physics

Newton's law

Scientific definition

Newton's three laws of motion may be stated as follows: Every object in a state of uniform motion will remain in that state of motion ...


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Model Physics

Nuclear fission

Scientific definition

Nuclear fission is either a  nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus  of an atom splits into smaller parts. The fis ...

experiment Physics

Pascal's principle

Scientific definition

Pascal's or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure  is a principle in fluid mechanics given by Blaise Pascal that states that a pres ...

Model Physics

Photoelectric effect

Scientific definition

Photoelectric effect happens when electrons are emitted from matter such as metals. It takes a certain amount of energy for an electron to escap ...

Model Physics

Power

Scientific definition

A physical quantity that is determined by the rate of work transferred per unit time. Unit of measure  or W (1Joul per second or 1Wat ...

experiment Physics

Pulley

Scientific definition

Pulley, in mechanics, a wheel that carries a flexible rope, cord, cable, chain, or belt on its rim. Pulleys are used singly or in combination to t ...

Model Physics

Random walk & Brownian motion

Scientific definition

A random walk is a dynamic process determined by stochastic variables. It can be used as a quantitative model for the description of Brownian motio ...


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analogy Physics

SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THE MECHANICS

Scientific definition

For a given body with mass, the resultant force F [N] acting on the body is equal with the product between the mass m [kg] and the body’s accele ...

experiment Physics

Semiconductors

Scientific definition

Semiconductor, any of a class of crystalline solids intermediate in electrical conductivity between a conductor and an insulator. Semiconductors a ...

Model Physics

Solid aggregate

Scientific definition

In solids, the building particles are firmly bonded to each other. They are located at close distances and are located in a strictly defined way. ...

Model Physics

Solid bodies with crystal grid

Scientific definition

Substances in solid state are characterized by a crystal grid. The constituent particles in solids are bound by healthy valence chemical bonds. Th ...

example Physics

Sound

Scientific definition

Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave - the vibration of matter, which is transmitted as a periodic change in pressure (due to compression and d ...

example Physics

Starting body

Scientific definition

The body against which we determine whether a body is in motion or at rest.

Model Physics

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Scientific definition

Also known as the Law of Conservation of Energy, the First Law of Thermodynamics states that, “energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isola ...

Model Physics

The main quantum number

Scientific definition

As it increases, the orbital becomes larger and the electron spends more time farther from the nucleus. As n increases, the electron is also at a ...

Model Physics

The physical states of water

Scientific definition

Water is known to exist in three different states: as a solid (ice), liquid (water) or gas (steam). Water molecules contains one oxygen and two ...


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experiment Physics

The properties of water

Scientific definition

The properties of water: surface tension, the cohesion forces and surfactants.

experiment Physics

THIRD PRINCIPLE OF THE MECHANICS

Scientific definition

If a given body exerts a force on a second body, the second body will exert in the same time a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction ...

experiment Physics

THIRD PRINCIPLE OF THE MECHANICS (2)

Scientific definition

If a given body exerts a force on a second body, the second body will exert in the same time a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction ...

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